Tuesday, September 5, 2017

Brief COPD History

Did you know that for most of history, nearly every lung disease, including COPD, was lumped under the umbrella term asthma? It’s true. In fact, it’s only been over the past 100 years that COPD has been plucked from under this asthma umbrella to become a disease entity of its own with its own remedies. That said, here is a brief history of COPD.

2697 B.C.: Nei Ching Su Wen (Classics on Internal Medicine) is the oldest known medical document. In it, Huang Ti, The Yellow Emperor, is involved in dialogue with Ch'i Pai, his physician. The Emperor makes many references to asthma or COPD-like symptoms such as noisy breathing and troubled breathing.

1500 B.C. Asthma and COPD-like symptoms were also described by the ancient Egyptians. The Ebers Papyrus is a medical document that describes over 700 remedies for asthma, including placing herbs on heated rocks and inhaling the smoke.

800 B.C. Homer is the first to use the term asthma to define difficulty breathing after exertion in battle, or from wounds caused by battle.

400 B.C.: Hippocrates defines asthma for the medical community as difficulty breathing.

1679 A.D.: For the first time in history, physicians were allowed to perform autopsies to search for the true causes of diseases. A Swiss physician named Theophile Bonet performed over 3,000 autopsies on patients of his who died and became the first to describe emphysema as a medical condition. He defined it as “voluminous lungs.”

1769: Giovanni Morgagni described 19 cases of “turgis” lungs, and verified the findings of Dr. Bonet.

1784: Dr. Samuel Johnson was a long-time sufferer of “asthma.” However, Dr. James Arthur Wilson, who was only 19-years-old, performed an autopsy on Dr. Johnson. Based on his description of Dr. Johnson’s lungs, later physicians determined that Johnson didn’t die of asthma, he died of emphysema.

1799: Matthew Baillie, who also studied the body of Dr. Johnson, was the first to describe emphysema (“enlarged air spaces”) and publish his description in a book with pictures.

1814. Charles Badham became the first physician to use the term bronchitis when referring to inflammation of the mucous membrane. He referred to a chronic cough and increased mucus secretion as being caused by chronic catarrh. He also described chronic bronchitis as a disabling condition.

1819: Rene Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope, became the first physician to accurately describe emphysema and chronic bronchitis as related conditions.

1837: Dr. William Stokes became the first to use the term chronic bronchitis.

1846: English Surgeon John Hutchinson invented the spirometer. It was a device used to measure slow vital capacity (SVC) or the amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep inhalation. Later on, forced vital capacity (FVC) was described, or a forced exhalation after a deep inhalation. How fast can you get the air out after a deep inhalation?

1885: Mendelssohn observed an increased incidence of “grinder’s asthma,” or what was often diagnosed as tuberculous among metal grinders. Before him it was believed inhaling coal dust was harmless, but he believed it was the cause of asthma. He was the first to observe a link between inhaled irritants like coal dust and smoke with lung disease. (1)

1947: The ability to measure FEV1 was developed. This is the amount of air exhaled in the first second of FVC. Tiffeneau-Pinelli described inspiratory vital capacity (IVC) and created the formula FEV1/IVC This gave physicians the ability to differentiate between obstructive lung diseases (like asthma and chronic bronchitis) and restrictive diseases like emphysema and kyphosis. The formula used today is FEV1/FVC. Due to airway obstruction, FEV1 is reduced in people with COPD, resulting in a reduced FEV1/FVC. A normal FEV1 value is 80% of predicted. So, a diagnosis of COPD was determined to be a FEV1 less than 80% of predicted, along with a FEV1/FVC less than 70%. This is a good indicator of airflow obstruction and airflow limitation. In a restrictive lung disease, FEV1 and FVC will each equally be diminished to do lots of space for lungs to expand, and so FEV1/FVC may be close to normal or even slightly elevated.

1958. American and British physicians defined the same disease differently up to this time. It was referred to as a chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease, chronic airflow obstruction, chronic obstructive lung disease, nonspecific chronic pulmonary disease, and diffuse obstructive pulmonary syndrome. This was confusing as it seemed as though each researcher, or each physician, was referring to something different. In order to unify efforts to learn about this disease, it was decided that a unified name must be created. The CIBA Guest Symposium, a gathering of various medical professionals, convened from Sept. 24-26. They were the first agree to use the term Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in referring to the comorbidity of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The results of the symposium were published in 1959.

The 1950s: Antibiotics were increasingly used to treat lung infections (pneumonia) caused by increased secretions in airways. Potassium Chloride was used as a mucus thinner and theophylline as a bronchodilator. Epinephrine was used either as an injection or nebulized inhalant in emergency rooms. Epinephrine nebulizer solution was available for home use, and, after 1957, epinephrine inhalers were available. While systemic corticosteroids were available, they were rarely used to treat COPD. Isoprenaline nebulizer solution was also available, although used less regularly than epinephrine due to cost. An isoprenaline inhaler was also available after 1957.

The 1960s: Isoprenaline was increasingly used, and corticosteroid and oxygen use continued to be rarely used to treat COPD.

1960: Fry and Hyatt devised the flow volume loop, which displays the FVC as a graphic. This allowed physicians to physically see the difference between obstructive and restrictive disease. This made it easier to use spirometry as a means of differentiating between restrictive and obstructive diseases.

1962
. Now researchers and physicians needed a unified definition of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The American Thoracic Society Committee on Diagnostic Standards (Committee Diagnostic Standards for NonTuberculosos Respiratory Disease) defined chronic bronchitis as a cough lasting three months for at least three years, and emphysema as enlarged air spaces and loss of alveolar walls. Asthma was defined as airway hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli. Asthmatic bronchitis was defined as a combination of asthma and COPD. For the first time, asthma and COPD were officially defined as unique diseases.

Also, it was well known during the 1950s and 1960s that COPD was caused by cigarette smoke. So, in 1962, Donald O. Anderson and Benjamin Ferris reported in the New England Journal of Medicine the results of a study performed in Berlin clearly linking the effects of cigarette smoke with chronic bronchitis.

1964. In the November issue of American Journal of Public Health, Donald O. Anderson said, “There seems little doubt whatever that cigarette smoking, and to a lesser extent other forms of tobacco smoking, are associated with mortality from lung cancer. This association has been amply demonstrated by both case history and cohort studies in a variety of countries and has been thoroughly summarized at countless symposia and in innumerable review articles. The controversy, instead, is whether this association has the attributes of a cause-effect relationship..”

1965: William Briscoe became the first person to use the term COPD at the 9th Aspen Emphysema Conference.

2001. Pauwels, et al, 2001, defined COPD as chronic airflow obstruction, or airflow limitation, due to airway obstruction that progressively worsens over time and is only partly reversible (compared with asthma, which is considered to be completely reversible with medicine or time). This was the first time COPD was defined based on physiologic criteria, as opposed to clinical or anatomic criteria.

2004: The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) went with the definition of COPD as defined by Pauwels, et al, in 2001. Since then COPD has been considered a disease of airflow limitation.

2006: COPD is the 4th most common cause of death in the United States, and, among the top five causes of death, is the only one rising in morbidity and mortality.

2013: According to the CDC, COPD becomes the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States, surpassing accidents and strokes, and close behind heart disease and cancer.

References::

  1. Klotz, Oskar, Wm. Charles White, ed., "Papers on the Influence of Smoke on Health," Bulletin #9, 1914, page 36

28 comments:

  1. As a sign of gratitude for how my husband was saved from asthma , i decided to reach out to those still suffering from this.
    My husband suffered asthma and it was really tough and heartbreaking for me because he was my all and the symptoms were terrible, we tried various therapies prescribed by our neurologist but none could cure him. I searched for a cure and i saw a testimony by someone who was cured and so many other with similar body problem, and he left the contact of the doctor who had the herbal cure to asthma . I never imagined asthma has a cure not until i contacted him and he assured me my husband will be fine. I got the herbal medication he recommended and my husband used it and in one months he was fully okay even up till this moment he is so full of life. asthma has a cure and it is a herbal cure contact the doctor for more info on drwilliams098765@gmail.com on how to get the medication. Thanks for reading my testimony

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  3. Just wanted to say a huge thank you to Dr Williams for everything he have done in my life. I have been in tears for so many years now, having found that my husband is suffering from asthma , lesion after some years of being under extreme stress., . I spent 24 hours freaking out and finally calmed down after reading some testimony on here about Dr Williams herbal medicine to asthma . The moment came and I mumbled out to my husband about Dr Williams product (with a few tears) and he was AMAZE – . He was just worried about his health, been free from this , that was how will order for Dr Williams product on line , after my husband finish taking Dr Williams medicine for just within a period of one month. Will went to the doc together who confirmed that he was asthma free.
    Thank you again for being upfront, truthful and taking this pain away from my family for more information about his product you can email him on drwilliams098675@gmail.com i hope you can also help other terrified people in a similar situation.

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  8. Hello Am From The UK , I want to write a little testimony about the good work of doctor Oyagu who cured me from Hsv 1 and 2 for just 2 weeks with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be normal again and have a good life like others I always regretted the day I got diagnose with the virus, I was lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it but I keep thinking and thinking about my future, if I can have kids of my own well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I go online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found this doc Oyagu email on a blog of someone who was cured by him I quickly contact him for help and explain all my pain to him, he told me not to worry about it there is cure for real, I never believe until he send me the herbal medicine when I order for it and I have it within 4 days that is how I took the medicine for 2 week and the following week I go for test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life I am so happy right now, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through email address oyaguherbalhome@gmail. com or text him on what's app, phone number +2348101755322 Dr Oyagu also has remedy to others disease like COLD SORES,HIV/AIDS,DIABETES.CANCER,HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND MANY MORE. I oblige everyone to contact this powerful herbalist Dr Oyagu and be free from suffering.

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  13. i already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have go to different hospital they always tell me same thing there is no cure for herpes when i came across a post about Dr oyagu, in the net from a lady called Rebecca i contacted him and he reassured me with him herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR oyagu for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com and also WhatsApp him +2348101755322..
    He can still be able to help you with this herbs medicine:
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    ReplyDelete


  14. i already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have go to different hospital they always tell me same thing there is no cure for herpes when i came across a post about Dr oyagu, in the net from a lady called Rebecca i contacted him and he reassured me with him herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR oyagu for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com and also WhatsApp him +2348101755322..
    He can still be able to help you with this herbs medicine:
    1...ALS CURE/DIABETES CURE/EPILESY/HPV CURE/LUPUS/HEPATITIS/CANCER/GOUT

    ReplyDelete
  15. Greatest thanks to Dr Oyagu for his herbal drugs that he prepared for me and when i start using it in just 2weeks i was completely cured and that ended my HERPES SIMPLEX 1&2 DISEASE i am so happy and grateful to Dr Oyagu . after reading about him on a testimony of Jason Cash on a blogger. i knew suddenly Dr Oyagu was the right Doctor to cure my HERPES SIMPLEX 1&2 DISEASE. i discuss with Dr Oyagu and he prepared a herbal medicine for me and when it got sent to me in south korean . i used the herbal medicine and 2weeks and i went to check up again. after 15years of suffering from HERPES SIMPLEX 1&2 at last i am smiling once again. Dr Oyagu also has remedy to others disease like COLD SORES,HIV/AIDS,DIABETES.CANCER,HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND MANY MORE. I oblige everyone to contact this powerful herbalist Dr Oyagu and be free from your suffering. contact his WhatsApp line: +2348101755322 or his Email:Oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  16. Hello Am From The UK , I want to write a little testimony about the good work of doctor Oyagu who cured me from Hsv 1 and 2 for just 2 weeks with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be normal again and have a good life like others I always regretted the day I got diagnose with the virus, I was lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it but I keep thinking and thinking about my future, if I can have kids of my own well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I go online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found this doc Oyagu email on a blog of someone who was cured by him I quickly contact him for help and explain all my pain to him, he told me not to worry about it there is cure for real, I never believe until he send me the herbal medicine when I order for it and I have it within 4 days that is how I took the medicine for 2 week and the following week I go for test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life I am so happy right now, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through email address oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com or text him on what's app, phone number +2348101755322 Dr Oyagu also has remedy to others disease like COLD SORES,HIV/AIDS,DIABETES.CANCER,HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND MANY MORE. I oblige everyone to contact this powerful herbalist Dr Oyagu and be free from suffering.

    ReplyDelete

  17. i already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have be going to different hospital they always tell me same thing there is no cure for herpes when i came across a post about Dr oyagu, in the net from a lady called Rebecca i contacted him and he reassured me with him herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR oyagu for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email oyaguherbalhome@gmail.com and also WhatsApp him +2348101755322..
    He can still be able to help you with this herbs medicine:
    1...ALS CURE/DIABETES CURE/EPILESY/HPV CURE/LUPUS/HEPATITIS/CANCER/GOUT

    ReplyDelete
  18. Happiness is all i see now, i was herpes sicker for 6 years but i thank God for directing my footsteps to Dr Emu, he gave me instructions and i followed and in 2 weeks i was completely cured using his medicine, I am now Herpes Negative Contact Dr Emu for more information, He also has other cure to other ailment, HIV AIDS, CANCER, DIABETES, HEART DISEASE, HEPATITIS B/C And also restore broken relationships such as Ex HUSBAND, Ex WIFE, BROKEN MARRIAGES, Any kind of Problem in any relationship can be restore back in 24hours, Just Email: emutemple@gmail.com  Whatsapp or call: +2347012841542

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    More make haste to call or Or WhatApp Baba Doctor Obodubu Monday on +2349058774809 for spiritual problem today and you will surely get solution to all your predicament

    ReplyDelete
  21. I want to thank Dr Emu a very powerful spell caster who help me to bring my husband back to me, few month ago i have a serious problem with my husband, to the extend that he left the house, and he started dating another woman and he stayed with the woman, i tried all i can to bring him back, but all my effort was useless until the day my friend came to my house and i told her every thing that had happened between me and my husband, then she told me of a powerful spell caster who help her when she was in the same problem I then contact Dr Emu and told him every thing and he told me not to worry my self again that my husband will come back to me after he has cast a spell on him, i thought it was a joke, after he had finish casting the spell, he told me that he had just finish casting the spell, to my greatest surprise within 48 hours, my husband really came back begging me to forgive him, if you need his help you can contact him with via email: Emutemple@gmail.com or add him up on his whatsapp +2347012841542 is willing to help any body that need his help. 

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  22. I am here to give my testimony about Dr Ebhota who helped me.. i want to inform the public how i was cured from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) by salami, i visited different hospital but they gave me list of drugs like Famvir, Zovirax, and Valtrex which is very expensive to treat the symptoms and never cured me. I was browsing through the Internet searching for remedy on HERPES and i saw comment of people talking about how Dr Ehbota cured them. when i contacted him he gave me hope and send a Herbal medicine to me that i took for just 2 weeks and it seriously worked for me, my HERPES result came out negative. I am so happy as i am sharing this testimony. My advice to you all who thinks that there is no cure for herpes that is Not true just contact him and get cure from Dr Ebhota healing herbal cure of all kinds of sickness you may have like (1) CANCER,(2) DIABETES,(3) HIV&AIDS,(4) URINARY TRACT INFECTION,(5) CANCER,(6) IMPOTENCE,(7) BARENESS/INFERTILITY(8) DIARRHEA(9) ASTHMA(10)SIMPLEX HERPES AND GENITAL(11)COLD SOREHERPES. he also cure my friend from cervical cancer Email: drebhotasoultion@gmail.com or whatsapp him on +2348089535482

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  23. I am here to spread this good news to the entire world on how Dr Emu helped me solve my infertility problem and i am so happy now that i am now a mother because for over 4 years i have been trying to get pregnant and needed help, i and my husband always go for medical check up and the doctor always say that the both of us are fine and i have nowhere else to get help from and all hope was almost lost until one day i visited a friend of mine and i told her what i was passing through and she introduce me to this great spell caster called Dr Emu who helped her when she was in need of help, so i took a try to contact Dr Emu through his email and i explain all my problem to him and after we have talked he perform an infertility spell for me and after that he told me what i should do, and i followed the instruction he gave and after that he instructed to sleep with my husband and also i followed the instruction and he said that the next week i should go for medical check up and the doctor confirmed that i was 4 months pregnant and i was so happy that all my sorrows were gone for ever, i am so very happy now and also you need any kind of help or the same line with mine, contact Dr Emu on his email: emutemple@gmail.com or Call/Text his whatsapp phone number +2347012841542

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  24. TRUE LIFE TESTIMONY.
    HOW I GOT RID OF MY 8 YEARS GENITAL HERPES Cured WITHIN 24hrs time,by ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) IS AWESOME!
    THIS IS REAL,PLEASE DON'T IGNORE.Call/Text WATER on is phone Number via; +2349132393661
    HIS WEBSITE email onobunwinhome@gmail.com
    My name are Nancy Johnny from USA.
    I caught genital herpes from my Ex Husband in 2013,he never told me about the virus. I had it for 8 year's with so many outbreak,and it affected my life that almost led to my death.. People think herpes is really a mynor type irritation.herpes has a long term effects on health that led to death. The stigma attached to this virus by ignorant people is ridiculous. Most people have herpes in one form or another,i was first taking Antiviral medicines, such as acyclovir(Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), and valacyclovir (Valtrex), are recommended for testing primary genital herpes outbreaks, This medicine can be taken when an outbreak occurs. It can also be taken every day to help prevent and secure outbreaks,it is not a total cure without Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER)... I will like to tell everyone who is reading this my testimony on how i get rid of my genital herpes vires.I was reading a comment on the internet,and i saw a testimony posted by a young lady from USA that she got rid of her herpes with the help of Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER),A GENUINE TRADITIONAL HERBALIST.So i was so very convinced and happy when i saw that post,that, his herbal medication Cure herpes virus totally.I quickly copied the herbal doctor email address onobunwinhome@gmail.com and i email him within 30 minutes, he respond to my mail in 2mins ahead.I explain things to him, he told me that not to worry that i should fill his herbal form, which i did..That same day he told me that he has prepare the herbal medicine,that i should send him my address that he want to sent his HERBAL MEDICINE for the cure to me via DHL or FedEx and HTCN, that was how i got the herbal medication and i use it as i was instructed.After 24hrs time I was cured and one week later i went to see a Medical Doctor who confirmed my herpes was no more.When some of my friend who has herpes saw me they were surprise that I was cured and i also told them that Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) is the man that cured me, and they where also in need of the cure from the same Genital herpes cure today.I also refer my cousin to the same herbalist that someone have HIV and today she is fully cured by my Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER)...If you have Genital or Oral herpes or any kind of Diseases or infections,kindly contact HERBALIST Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) via his email onobunwinhome@gmail.com OR make call through his phone call Number +2349132393661
    He also have a herbal cure for Following DISEASES, Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) is not scam is 100% Real and sure for his medicine.
    (1)PENIS ENLARGEMENT AND WEAK ERECTION
    (2)VIRGINAL PROBLEM
    (3)DIABETES
    (4)WHOOPING COUGH
    (5)HEPATITIS B
    (6)FORDYCE SPOT
    (7)COLD SORE
    (8)ALS
    (9)LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
    (10)LOW SPERM COUNT
    (11)MRSA(METHICILLIN(12)RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
    (13)ZIKA VIRUS
    (14)COPD
    (15)STROKE
    (16)IMPOTENCE
    (17)PILE
    (18)HYPERTENSION
    (19)LOW SPERM COUNT
    (20)MENOPAUSE DISEASE
    (21)ASTHMA
    (22)CANCER
    (23)BARENESS/INFERTILITY
    (24)PCOS
    (25)SHINGLES
    (26)VIRAL HEPATITIS/HEPATITIS B
    (27)FIBROID
    (28)ASTHMA
    (29)SICKLE CELL
    (30)TINNITUS
    (31)BARENESS/INFERTILITY
    (32)DIARRHEA and so on...
    Contact him today onobunwinhome@gmail.com or call Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) phone Number on +2349132393661 and you will have a testimony to give for sure..
    GOD IS TRULY GREAT.
    GOOD LUCK.

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  25. My name is rose viabushes🌹, I am from USA, United States of America.
    My first time of meeting with medical healthcare and bringing EX back, I have to say this in the internet, i really worth it. It had been 6 months since my husband dump me and left me with another woman without saying anything.All thanks to Dr Onobun Gabriel(WATER) that was able to bring my husband back to me in 24hrs time because I was able to connect with my husband again with the help of Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL(WATER) powerful geunion Love Spell, and now my husband loves me more than he used to do then, I eternally grateful to The Great Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL(WATER) for his good work he has done for me. I highly recommend Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL(WATER) genunity. You can contact him on onobunwinhome@gmail.com or his phone Number +2349132393661 for help.

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  26. My name is rose viabushes🌹, I am from USA, United States of America.
    My first time of meeting with medical healthcare and bringing EX back, I have to say this in the internet, i really worth it. It had been 6 months since my husband dump me and left me with another woman without saying anything.All thanks to Dr Onobun Gabriel(WATER) that was able to bring my husband back to me in 24hrs time because I was able to connect with my husband again with the help of Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL(WATER) powerful geunion Love Spell, and now my husband loves me more than he used to do then, I eternally grateful to The Great Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL(WATER) for his good work he has done for me. I highly recommend Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL(WATER) genunity. You can contact him on onobunwinhome@gmail.com or his phone Number +2349132393661 for help.

    ReplyDelete
  27. My name his Steve Maries and I am from United State.I am so happy today, and i also appreciate the genuine work done by one love spell caster DR ONOBUN GABRIEL(WATER). And to give me the right direction to get back my Ex, so today I got my wish fulfilled under the guidance of my love Spell caster Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER). ❤️ love is an important part of relationship. I can understand this, when my boyfriend had cheated on me and dump me, by engaging another girl’s with affairs at that time, I was Broken and realized the importance of love when my boyfriend, dump me in my life in relationship with him of love. My boyfriend did not give me the importance's of true love, and he always embarrassed me in front of his friends and family's, and I love my boyfriend so much. Then I search on the Internet to fine a spell caster that can
    bring back Ex, fine on me “one day" I find a real spell caster Called DR ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) So I got the contact number +2349132393661 and his Email onobunwinhome@gmail.com of this spell caster DR ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER)” then I drop a message on his email that I want my Ex boyfriend back, because I so much love my boyfriend and also on his WhatsApp Number too, and I explain all my problems that is happening with me. So then Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) show me his previous work done by himself and how he had help so many people to get there Ex back and also help so many pretty once to get cured in there diesass and sinkness and to guide me on how the work will be done. Then i start work to get my boyfriend back in a positive way that Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) have interested me to do to get my boyfriend back, to start giving me respect and also never to leave me again for another girl. Then and now, I am 😀 so happy and thankful to Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER). So Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER)
    prepared a magic spell and cast a spell on my boyfriend to get him back to me, immediately, it work, my boyfriend
    was back within 24hrs time and now my Ex boyfriend his back to me now begging me in positive and nagative side effects, and to have him back again,
    and my boyfriend promise now that he will never, to leave me again for another girl. Me and my boyfriend is 🍷 wine forever more. I am so happy now that my Ex boyfriend is back by DR ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) spell. Dr said I should share is testimony on interview and internet once my boyfriend is back to me, and that is why I am sharing his good testimony in the internet and interview to have others to come for help in contact. So if you have a broke up with your Ex, contact Dr ONOBUN GABRIEL (WATER) on his email onobunwinhome@gmail.com and explain, Or call his phone Number or Whatsapp +2349132393661 for help.



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  28. I was cured___________Sure Treatment for herpes!!

    Please contact:

    Email R.buckler11 (((@gmail……com)))

    Thanks for reading!

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